“The Way of Ruling a State”: Tokugawa Japan and Bureaucratic Elites
Discussion of how Tokugawa Japan encouraged samurai to also become civil officials
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
During the early modern era, states worldwide developed professionalized bureaucracies and armies. Each state did so a little differently. In China, the examination system had existed for centuries and was one of the most famous methods for recruiting bureaucrats. Despite its proximity to China, Tokugawa Japan adopted a different model.
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